Walter Ong argues that writing enhances oral communication through adding to vocabulary and stimulating the part of the brain that uses analytical skills. With the absence of gestures and facial expressions in writing, “you have to foresee circumspectly all possible meanings a statement may have for any possible situation, and you have to make your language work so as to come clear all by itself, with no existential context” (102-103). The shift from orality to writing in early Greek society was met with resistance.  Ong uses the contemporary example of computers and society’s resistance of them to explain the opposition of Greek society to literacy (78).  Ong states that parents believe that “calculators weaken the mind” and “relive it of the work that keeps it strong” (78). This is similar to the way that Greeks felt about writing. They thought that skills would be lost if they focused on writing instead of orality.  The association between computers and writing can also be made because, as Ong maintains, writing is a technology.  He also addresses the common concern that technology may eliminate the need for printed books; Ong states that “electronic devices are not eliminating printed books but are producing more of them” (133).  He claims that new technologies are transforming our understanding of print and orality.  Computers have transformed print by maximizing the “commitment of the word to space” in far less time than earlier printing methods (33).  In addition, Ong argues that “at the same time, with telephone, radio, television and various kinds of sound tape, electronic technology has brought us into the age of ‘secondary orality’ (133).  ‘Secondary orality’ reaches a larger audience and enables individuals to feel like they are part of a group experience even when they are alone.